# IEC 62443-4-2 Security Level 1 Assessment Report for UR3e Device

## Executive Summary

This report presents an assessment of the Universal Robots UR3e device (IP: 172.16.100.78) against the IEC 62443-4-2 Security Level 1 requirements. Security Level 1 (SL-1) is designed to provide protection against casual or coincidental violation.

## Device Information
- **Device Type**: UR3e Collaborative Robot
- **IP Address**: 172.16.100.78
- **Operating System**: Linux (Debian-based)
- **Open Services**: SSH (OpenSSH 6.7p1 Debian 5+deb8u3)

## Assessment Methodology
The assessment followed the IEC 62443-4-2 component security requirements for Security Level 1, focusing on:
1. Identification and Authentication
2. Use Control
3. System Integrity
4. Data Confidentiality
5. Restricted Data Flow
6. Timely Response to Events
7. Resource Availability

## Findings and Compliance Assessment

### FR 1: Identification and Authentication Control
| Requirement | Status | Findings |
|-------------|--------|----------|
| CR 1.1 Human user identification and authentication | **Partial Compliance** | SSH authentication is available, but we could not verify if all human user access requires authentication |
| CR 1.2 Software process and device identification and authentication | **Unknown** | Could not verify device-to-device authentication mechanisms |
| CR 1.3 Account management | **Unknown** | Could not verify account management capabilities |
| CR 1.4 Identifier management | **Unknown** | Could not verify identifier management |
| CR 1.5 Authenticator management | **Unknown** | Could not verify authenticator management |
| CR 1.7 Strength of password-based authentication | **Partial Compliance** | OpenSSH supports strong password authentication, but strength enforcement could not be verified |
| CR 1.8 Public key infrastructure certificates | **Partial Compliance** | SSH supports public key authentication, but implementation details could not be verified |
| CR 1.9 Strength of public key authentication | **Unknown** | Could not verify the strength of public key implementation |
| CR 1.10 Authenticator feedback | **Unknown** | Could not verify feedback mechanisms |
| CR 1.11 Unsuccessful login attempts | **Unknown** | Could not verify if lockout policies are implemented |

### FR 2: Use Control
| Requirement | Status | Findings |
|-------------|--------|----------|
| CR 2.1 Authorization enforcement | **Partial Compliance** | SSH supports authorization but specifics could not be verified |
| CR 2.2 Wireless use control | **Not Applicable** | No wireless interfaces detected |
| CR 2.3 Use control for portable and mobile devices | **Not Applicable** | Not relevant to this assessment |
| CR 2.5 Session lock | **Unknown** | Could not verify session lock implementation |
| CR 2.6 Remote session termination | **Partial Compliance** | SSH supports session termination, but specific implementation could not be verified |
| CR 2.7 Concurrent session control | **Unknown** | Could not verify concurrent session controls |
| CR 2.8 Auditable events | **Unknown** | Could not verify auditing capabilities |
| CR 2.9 Audit storage capacity | **Unknown** | Could not verify audit storage capacity |
| CR 2.11 Timestamps | **Unknown** | Could not verify timestamp implementation |

### FR 3: System Integrity
| Requirement | Status | Findings |
|-------------|--------|----------|
| CR 3.1 Communication integrity | **Partial Compliance** | SSH provides communication integrity, but other protocols could not be verified |
| CR 3.4 Software and information integrity | **Unknown** | Could not verify integrity validation mechanisms |
| CR 3.5 Input validation | **Unknown** | Could not verify input validation mechanisms |
| CR 3.8 Session integrity | **Partial Compliance** | SSH provides session integrity, but implementation details could not be verified |
| CR 3.9 Protection of audit information | **Unknown** | Could not verify audit protection mechanisms |

### FR 4: Data Confidentiality
| Requirement | Status | Findings |
|-------------|--------|----------|
| CR 4.1 Information confidentiality | **Partial Compliance** | SSH provides encryption, but other data protection mechanisms could not be verified |
| CR 4.3 Use of cryptography | **Partial Compliance** | SSH implements cryptography, but compliance with recognized standards could not be verified |

### FR 5: Restricted Data Flow
| Requirement | Status | Findings |
|-------------|--------|----------|
| CR 5.1 Network segmentation | **Unknown** | Could not verify network segmentation implementation |

### FR 6: Timely Response to Events
| Requirement | Status | Findings |
|-------------|--------|----------|
| CR 6.1 Audit log accessibility | **Unknown** | Could not verify audit log accessibility |

### FR 7: Resource Availability
| Requirement | Status | Findings |
|-------------|--------|----------|
| CR 7.1 Denial of service protection | **Unknown** | Could not verify DoS protection mechanisms |
| CR 7.3 Control system backup | **Unknown** | Could not verify backup capabilities |
| CR 7.4 Control system recovery and reconstitution | **Unknown** | Could not verify recovery capabilities |

## Security Gaps and Recommendations

### Critical Gaps:
1. **Outdated SSH Version**: The device is running OpenSSH 6.7p1 on Debian 5+deb8u3, which is outdated and may contain known vulnerabilities.
2. **Limited Service Exposure**: Only SSH service is exposed, which is positive from a security perspective but limits our assessment capabilities.
3. **Unknown Authentication Controls**: Could not verify the implementation of several critical authentication controls.

### Recommendations:
1. **Update SSH**: Upgrade OpenSSH to the latest stable version to address potential vulnerabilities.
2. **Implement Access Controls**: Ensure proper access controls are implemented with least privilege principles.
3. **Enable Logging and Monitoring**: Implement comprehensive logging and monitoring for all security-relevant events.
4. **Secure Configuration**: Review and harden SSH configuration (disable root login, use key-based authentication, etc.).
5. **Network Segmentation**: Implement proper network segmentation to isolate the UR3e from non-essential systems.
6. **Regular Vulnerability Scanning**: Establish a program for regular vulnerability scanning and remediation.
7. **Security Documentation**: Develop and maintain security documentation for the device.

## Conclusion

Based on the limited assessment, the UR3e device shows partial compliance with IEC 62443-4-2 Security Level 1 requirements. While the device implements some security controls (SSH authentication), many aspects could not be verified without deeper access. The device appears to have a minimal attack surface with limited exposed services, which is positive from a security perspective.

To achieve full compliance with IEC 62443-4-2 SL-1, additional assessment and potential remediation would be required, focusing on the identified gaps and implementing the recommended security controls.